Alexander Bojinoff A Unique Artistic Figure
Alexander Bojinoff occupies a unique position in Bulgarian art as both a portraitist and a caricaturist. He is one of
T15a
The Month of Ramadan and Fasting in Islam
Historical Background The passage begins with the author’s comments on the political struggles between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian
The Convents and Appearance of the Edhem Order
Main Convents in Persia The main convents of this religious order are found in the cities of Persia, especially in
The Bektafi Sect Among the Janissaries
One of the more subtle and unusual sects among the Janissaries is called the Bektafi, named after a leader called
Religious Hatred Between Turks and Persians
The conflict between the Turks and Persians was not only political but also deeply religious. Ottoman rulers often presented their
Restrictions on Christian Churches
The Mahometan religion allowed Christians to keep their old churches and houses of worship, but with strict limits. Churches and
The Role of Gifts and Gratuities
In the Ottoman Empire, gifts and gratuities were a common and necessary part of diplomacy. Ambassadors often needed to give
Fear and Uncertainty in Government
In the Ottoman Empire, it sometimes happened that a man was appointed to govern a province, even though the ruler
National Agricultural Bank, Sofia
Early Efforts to Support Rural Credit In 1863, Midhat Pasha, who was the Governor of the Danubian Vilayet, prepared an