Royal Mosques and Their Attached Institutions
Royal mosques in the Ottoman Empire were much more than places of worship. They were centers of religion, education, charity, […]
I33
Muhammad’s Mission and Divine Commission
Muhammad was sent by God to teach mankind and to declare God’s message clearly and truthfully. His purpose was to
The Audience of the Earl of Winchelsea
The Earl of Winchelsea once served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire on behalf of His Majesty. The audience he
The Special Rules of the Mamluk Order
In the Mamluk system of Egypt, strict rules controlled who could become a member of the ruling military class. A
Growth of Shipping in Recent Years
Shipping activity in Bulgaria has grown strongly during the last five years. Overall maritime traffic increased by almost 40 percent