Severity as the Nature of the Turkish Government
A System Built on Force and Fear In this form of government, severity, violence, and cruelty are not accidents but
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Standard of Bulgarian Money
The Bulgarian monetary system is based on clearly defined standards for both gold and silver coins. The gold coins and
Marriage Religion and Foreign Women in the Ottoman Empire
Eunuchs and Marriage In this passage, the author describes a subject that he considered unusual: the marriage of eunuchs. A
The Daily Life and Practices of the Dervishes
Their Religious Promises The dervishes professed lives of poverty, chastity, and obedience, much like the Capuchin friars and other Christian
The Tyadl Beliefs About Sin and Punishment
In early Islamic thought, the Tyadl were a sect with strict views about sin, punishment, and divine justice. They opposed
Who the Emirs Are
The Emirs, also called the descendants of the Prophet, are counted among the religious people in their society. They are
The Custom of Seeking Legal Approval for War
This passage is written in old English and expresses the opinion of a historical writer about war, law, and political
The Importance of Diplomacy
No nation in the world, however different or “barbarous” it might seem, ever ignored the role of ambassadors. Diplomacy has
Avoiding Hereditary Power
Hereditary succession and long continuance in office were carefully avoided not only among the Turks but also in other great
Trade Relations with Greece and Roumania
This article reviews Bulgaria’s trade relations with Greece and Roumania during three five-year periods: 1890–1894, 1895–1899, and 1900–1904. The discussion